Insanity as a Defence In IPC

INTRODUCTION

A crime is a voluntarily act which is an outcome of an intent to cause an evil consequence. There are certain essentials of crime. The actor must possess the following conditions:

1. free will;

2. intelligence to distinguish between good and evil;

3. knowledge of facts upon which the good and evil of an act may depend; and

4. knowledge that the act is prohibited by law.

Mens Rea is an essential element in every crime. There may be no crime of any naturewithout an evil mind. There must be a mind at fault to constitute a criminal act. The concurrence of act and guilty mild constitutes a crime. This theory has its basis in the latin maxim ‘actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea’ which means that the act does not makes one guilty unless he has a guilty intention.Lord Diplock in the case of Sweet vs. Parsley[1] said, ‘An act does not make a person guilty of a crime unless his mind be so guilty’.But in the case of insane person, he may not understand the nature of the act. He does not have the sufficient mens rea to commit a crime. Since a criminal intent is an indispensible element in every crime, a person incapable of entertaining such intent may not incur guilt. An insane person is

not punished because he does not have any guilty mind to commit the crime. The English law oninsanity is based on the Mc’Naghten rules and the Indian Law that is codified in the Indian PenalCode, 1860 (IPC), s. 84, based on the Mc’Naghten rules.

n the project, the researcher tries to differentiate between legal insanity and medical insanity. The researcher covers both English law and Indian law on insanity. The researcher will also compare the Indian law with law of other countries and will try to figure out if there is any scope for improvement in the law or not.

INSANITY : MEANING

The meaning of insanity in civil law, medicine and neuroscience is different from its meaning in criminal law.

Insanity in Law

Insanity or unsoundness of mind is not defined in the act. It means a disorder of the mind, which impairs the cognitive faculty; that is, the reasoning capacity of man to such an extent as to render him incapable of understanding consequences of his actions. It means that the person is incapable of knowing the nature of the act or of realising that the act is wrong or contrary to law. A person, although of unsound mind, who knows that he is committing an unlawful act, may not get the benefit of IPC, s. 84. The nature and extent of the unsoundness must be so high so as to impair his reasoning capacity and that he may not understand the nature of the act or that it is contrary to law.

It excludes from its preview insanity, which might be caused by engendered by emotional or

volitional factors.

There are four kinds of person who may be said to be non compos mentis (not of sound mind)

1. an idiot – an idiot is one who from birth had defective mental capacity. This

infirmity in him is perpetual without lucid intervals;

2. one made so by illness – by illness, a person is made non compos mentis. He is

therefore excused in case of criminal liability, which he acts under the influence of

this disorder;

3. a lunatic or a madman – lunatics are those who become insane and whose incapacity

might be or was temporary or intermittent. A lunatic is afflicted by mental disorder

only at certain period and vicissitudes, having intervals of reason; and

4. one who is drunk – this is covered under IPC, s. 85.

Insanity in Medical Terms

There is a difference between the medical definitions of insanity. According to medical science, insanity is a disorder of the mind that impairs the mental facilities of a man. Insanity is another name for mental abnormalities due to various factors and exists in various degrees. Insanity is popularly denoted by idiocy, madness, lunacy, to describe mental derangement, mental disorder and all other forms of mental abnormalities known to medical science. Insanity in medical terms encompasses much broader concept than insanity in medical terms.

Therefore, the scope of the meaning of insanity in medical terms is much wider when compared to its legal meaning.

THE ENGLISH LAW ON INSANITY

The English law on insanity is based on the Mc’Naghten rules.

Development of the Law

The insanity defense has a long history, and is evolved after many tests that have been tried and tested.

Wild Beast test

It was the first test to check insanity that was laid down in the case of Arnold Case[2] in 1724. Justice Tracy, a 13th century judge in King Edward’s court, first formulated the foundation of an insanity defense when he instructed the jury that it must acquit by reason of insanity if it found the defendant to be a madman which he described as ‘a man that is totally deprived of his understanding and memory, and doth not know what he is doing, no more than an infant, than a brute, or a wild beast, such a one is never the object of punishment’.

Mc’Naghten test

The law relating to the defense of insanity is to be found in the rules set out in Mc’Naghten[3] that delineate the circumstances in which an accused will be held not to have been legally responsible for his conduct. In this case the jury determined that at the time of the crime the defendant suffered from the “morbid delusion”21 that many people, including the Prime Minister of England, were persecuting him. Daniel M’Naghten, under the mistaken impression that the Prime Minister was indeed riding in his own carriage, shot and killed the Prime Minister’s secretary, Edward Drummond, who actually was using the carriage at the time.

THE ORIGIN OF THE RULES ON THE INSANITY PLEA

Daniel Mc’Naghten was found to be insane and acquitted on a charge of murdering Sir Robert Peel’s private secretary, it being his intention to kill Peel. He was committed to the hospital but there was public outcry about the leniency of the verdict. The matter was debated in the House of Lords where it was decided to seek the opinion of the judges on legal principles relating to insanity. The rules laid down were:

· everyone is to be presumed sane and to possess a sufficient degree of reason to be responsible for their crimes until contrary is proved to the satisfaction of the jury;

· to establish a defense of insanity, it must be clearly proved that at the time of committing the act, the accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from the disease of the mind, as not to know he was doing what was wrong;

· as to his knowledge of the wrongfulness of the act, the judges said: ‘if the accused was conscious that the act was one which he ought not to do and the same time the act was contrary to the law of the land, he is punishable; and

· Where a person under insane delusion as to existing facts commits an offence in consequence thereof, criminality must depend on the nature of the delusion. If he labors under partial delusion only, and is not in other respects insane, he must be considered in the same situation as to responsibility as if the facts with respect to which the delusion exists were real.

The Halsbury’s Laws of England explain that where on a criminal charge, it appears that, at

the time of the act or omission giving rise to the offence alleged, the defendant was laboring under a defect of reason owing to a disease of mind so as not to know the nature and quality of his act, or, if he knew this, so as not to know that what he was doing was wrong, he is not regarded in law as responsible for the act. The question whether, owing to a defect of reason due to the disease of the mind, the defendant was not responsible for his act is a question of fact to be determined by the jury. Where the jury finds insanity is made out the verdict takes place in the form of not guilty due to insanity.

THE CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS OF THE DEFENCE

There are two conditions to be satisfied in any case where a defence of insanity is raised:

1. the accused was suffering from the disease of the mind – disease of the mind is a legal term and not a medical term. The law is concerned with the question whether the accused is to held legally responsible for his acts. This depends on his mental state and its cause complying with legally defined criteria. Lord Denning defined it as ‘any mental disorder which has manifested itself in violence and is prone to recur is a disease of the mind. At any rate it is the sort of disease for which a person should be detained in hospital rather than be given an unqualified acquittal’. The leading decision on what constitutes a disease of the mind was given in the case of Sullivan[4] in which a distinction was drawn between insane and non-insane person automatism. Lord Diplock defined disease of the mind as ‘mind in the Mc’Naghten rules is used in the ordinary sense of the medical faculties of reason, memory and understanding. If the effect of the disease is to impair these faculties so severely as to have either of the consequences referred to in the latter part of the rules, it matters not whether the etiology of the impairment is organic, as in epilepsy, or functional, or whether the impairment is itself permanent or is transient and intermittent, provided that it subsisted at the time of commission of the act’;

2. this disease gave rise to a defect of reason: where the defense of insanity is to succeed, the disease of the mind must give rise to a defect of reason. The reasoning power of a person must be impaired. The defendant must show that he was suffering from such defect of reason that he did not know the nature and quality of the act he had committed, or if he did know, that he did not know that what he was doing was wrong. If the accused is relying on the second limb, he must show proof that he did not know that it was legally wrong; and as a result, he either did not know that what he was doing was wrong: If the accused’s defect of reason is to be effective in establishing the defense of insanity, the insanity must affect his legal responsibility for his conduct as such he is not able to realize that what he was doing is wrong. Wrong here means something that is contrary to law.

CRITICISM OF THE MC’NAGHTEN RULE

The British Royal Commission on capital punishment that made its report in 1953, and criticised the rule. Experienced lawyers and doctors also criticised the rule. Doctors with experience on mental disease ‘have contended that the Mc’Naghten test is based on the entirely obsolete and misleading conception of nature of insanity, since insanity does not only affect the cognitive faculties but affects the whole personality of the person including both the will and the emotions. Many scholars criticized the Mc’Naghten test because it only looked at the cognitive and moral aspects of the defendant’s actions. An insane person may therefore often know the nature and quality of his act and that law forbids it but yet commit it as a result of the mental disease. The Royal Commission came to the conclusion that the test of insanity laid down in Mc’Naghten rules is defective and the law must be changed.

Although the Mc’Naghten rules still hold the field in England despite the recommendations of the law commission, a new defense to murder known as ‘diminished responsibility’ was introduced by the Homicide Act, 1957. Provisions of the enactment states that:

(1) where a person kills or is in the party of killing another, he will not be convicted of murder if he was suffering from such abnormality of mind as substantially impaired his mental responsibility for his acts and omissions in doing or being a party to the killing;

(2) a person who but for this provision would be liable, whether as principal or as accessory, to be convicted of murder will be liable instead to be convicted of manslaughter.

INDIAN LAW ON INSANITY

The Indian law relating to insanity has been codified in the IPC, s. 84 contained also the general exceptions.Indian Penal Code, s. 84: ‘Acts of a person of unsound mind— Nothing is

an offence which is done by a person who, at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundness of mind, is incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is either wrong or contrary to law’.

IPC, s. 84 and the Mc’Naghten rule:

IPC, s. 84 deals with the law of insanity on the subject. This provision is made from the Mc’Naghten rules of England. In the draft penal code, Lord Macaulay suggested two sections (66 and 67), one stating that ‘nothing is an offence which is done by a person in a state of idiocy’ and the other stating that ‘nothing is an offence which a person does in consequence of being mad or delirious at the time of doing it’ to deal with insanity. The Law Commissioners in replacing these two provisions by IPC, s.84 have adopted a brief and succinct form of the Mc’Naghten rules. It has been drafted in the light of the replies to the second and third questions, which is generally known as Mc’Naghten rules.

But, IPC, s. 84 uses a more comprehensible term ‘unsoundness of mind’ instead of insanity. Huda says the use of the word ‘unsoundness of mind’ instead of insanity has the advantage of doing away with the necessity of defining insanity and of artificially bringing within its scope different conditions and affliction of mind which ordinarily do not come within its meaning, but which nonetheless stand on the same footing in regard to the exemptions from criminal liability.

Ingredients

This provision states that an unsoundness of mind is a defense to criminal charges. It is accepted as a defense to a criminal charge on the theory that ‘one who is insane has no mind and may not have the necessary mens rea to commit a crime’. The act of a mad person is unintentional and involuntary, no court may correct him by way of punishment. To invoke the benefit of IPC, s. 84, it must be proved that at the time of commission of the offence, the accused was insane and the unsoundness of mind was of such a degree and nature as to fulfill any one of the test laid down in the provision. These are:

(1) firstly, the accused was incapable of knowing the nature of the act. It covers two situations, namely, automatism and mistake of fact due to unsoundness of mind as a defense; and

(2) secondly, that the accused was precluded by reason of unsoundness of mind from understanding that what he was doing was either wrong or contrary to law. It covers those cases wherein a man by reason of delusion is unable to appreciate the distinction between right and wrong.

The accused is protected not only when, on the account of insanity, he was incapable of knowing the nature of the act, but also when he did not know either the act was wrong or it was contrary to the law. He is however, not protected if he knew that what he was doing was wrong, even if he did not know that it was contrary to the nature of the law or vice versa.

The defence of insanity may be established if it is proved that at the time of committing the act, the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature or quality of the act he was doing, or if he did know it, that he did not know that he was doing what was wrong. The benefit of this provision may be taken only if at the time of committing the crime, the offender by reason of unsoundness of mind was incapable of knowing the real nature of his act or that the act was morally wrong or contrary to law.

The Cuttuck High Court has laid down certain principles in the case of Sundra Majh[5]i:

(1) every type of insanity is not legal insanity; the cognitive faculty must be so destroyed as to render one incapable of knowing the nature of his act or that what he is doing is wrong or contrary to law;

(2) the court will presume the absence of such insanity;

(3) the burden of proof of legal insanity is on the accused, though it is not as heavy as on the prosecution;

(4) the court must consider whether the accused suffered from legal insanity at the time when the offence was committed;

(5) in reaching such a conclusion the circumstances which preceded,attended or followed the crime are relevant considerations; and

(6) the prosecution in discharging its burden in the face of the plea of legal insanity has merely to prove the basic fact and rely upon the normal presumption of that everyone knows the law and the natural consequences of his act.

The law on the point has been well summarised by their Lordships of the Calcutta High Court in Kader Nasayer Shah in the following words: ‘it is only unsoundness of mind which materially impairs the cognitive faculties of the mind that may form a ground of exemption from certain responsibility, the nature and extent of unsoundness of mind required being such a nature would make the offender incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is (1)wrong or (2) contrary to law.”

BURDEN OF PROOF

The principle that the court follows is that ‘every person is sane unless contrary is proved’29. The onus of proving insanity is one the person who is pleading it as a defence. In the case of State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Ahamadullah[6], it was observed that burden of proof is on the accused. The Supreme Court also upheld the principle in the case of S.W. Mohammed vs. State of Maharastra[7] and said that the accused have to prove that he is insane. However, this requirement of proof is not heavy as on the prosecution to prove the offence and is based on balance of probabilities.

It has been criticized that the McNaughton rules of the 19th century England, on which IPC, s. 84 is based are outdated since they do not provide protection under IPC, s. 84 to behaviour out of abnormality of mind, or partial delusion, irresistible impulse or compulsive behaviour of a psychopath. Court in India also stressed the need for adopting a more progressive attitude in the application of law related to insanity. The Indian Law of insanity must be amended and the concept of diminished responsibility must be inserted.

PROVISIONS OF THE CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973

The procedure for the trial of insane person is laid down in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, Chapter XXV. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1972, ss. 328 and 329 deals with the procedure to be followed in case the accused is a lunatic. It says that when a magistrate while conducting an inquiry feels that the person is of unsound mind and consequently, incapable of making his defence, he may ask a medical officer to examine the person and postpone the trial of the case.

Code of Criminal Procedure. 1973, s. 330 provides that when an accused is found to be a lunatic, he will be released on bail provided that sufficient security is given that he will not harm himself or any other person. If sufficient security is not given or the court thinks that bail may not be granted, the accused will be detained in safe custody. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, s. 331 provides that when an inquiry is postponed under Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, ss. 328 and 329, the magistrate will resume the inquiry at any time after the person concerned ceases to be of unsound mind. The inquiry will proceed against the accused when the magistrate thinks that he is capable of making the defence as per Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, s. 332. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, s. 333 says that when the accused is at the time of the inquiry is of sound mind, but he was of unsound mind at the time of committing the offence, the Magistrate will proceed with the case. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, s. 334 states that when any person is acquitted on the ground that at the time of committing the offence, he was by reason of unsoundness of mind incapable of knowing the nature of the act or that it is contrary to law, the state will specify whether he committed the act or not. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, s. 338 says that when the person detained under Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, ss. 330(2) or 335 and the inspector general certify that in his judgment, he may be released without danger to himself or any other person, the state government may order him to be released or to be detained in custody or to be sent to a public lunatic asylum.

The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 also makes favorable provisions for the infants.

JUDICIAL INTERPRETATION

Ratanlal vs. State of MP[8]

The appellant on 22 January 1965, set fire to the grass lying in the khalyan of Nemichand. On being asked why he did it, the accused said; ‘I burnt it; do whatever you want’. The accused was arrested on 23 January 1965. He was referred to a mental hospital. The psychiatrist of the hospital reported that the accused remained silent, was a case of maniac depressive psychosis, and needs treatment. The report declared the accused to be a lunatic in terms of the Indian Lunatic Act, 1912. The issue before the courts was whether insanity might be used as defence against a charge of mischief by fire with intent to cause damage under the IPC, s. 435. The crucial point in this case was whether unsound mind may be established at the time of commission of the act. The Supreme Court held that the person was insane and acquitted him.

Dayabhai Chhaganbhai Thakkar vs. State of Gujarat[9]

In this case, the accused was charged and convicted under the IPC, s. 302 for the murder of his wife. The accused killed his wife with wife by inflicting her with knife injuries on her body. The accused raised the plea of insanity at the trial court. Trial court however rejected the contention on the ground that the statements made to the police immediately after the incident did not showed any sign of insanity. This conviction was confirmed by the high court. The accused made an appeal to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court also upheld the conviction of the accused and laid down certain criteria according to which a accused in entitled to the defense under the provision. It said that in determining whether the accused has established his case under the preview of Indian Pena code, 1860, s. 84, ‘the court has to consider the circumstances which preceded, attended and followed the crime. The crucial point of time for determining the state of mind of the accused is the time when the offence was committed. The relevant facts are motive for the crime, the previous history as to mental condition of the accused, the state of his mind at the time of the offence, and the events immediately after the incident that throw a light on the state of his mind’.

Ashiruddin vs. King[10]

In this case, Ashruddin had killed his son while acting under the delusion of a dream believing it to be right. The accused had dreamt that he was commanded by someone to sacrifice his son of five years. The next morning the accused took his son to mosque and killed him by thrusting a knife in his throat. The Calcutta High Court observed that it was a case of insanity under IPC, s. 84 and discharged the accused from criminal liability. The court said that in order to enable an accused to obtain the benefit of the aforesaid provision, he must establish any one of the following three elements:

(1) the nature of the act was not known to the accused;

(2) the act was not known by him to be contrary of law; or

(3) the accused did not knew that the act was wrong.

The Bench held that the third element was established by the accused, namely, that the accused did not knew that the act was wrong. This was obvious on the ground that the accused was laboring under the belief that the dream was a reality.

However, this view of the Calcutta High Court was criticised by Allahabad High Court in the case of Laxmi vs. State[11] as ‘it will be open to an accused in every case to plead that he had dreamt a dream enjoining him to do a criminal act, and believing that his dream was a command by a higher authority, he was impelled to do a criminal act, and therefore, he would be protected by IPC, s. 84. It also said that it was a case of medical insanity and not legal insanity.

Hazara Singh vs. State[12]

In this case, Hazara Singh was under a delusion that his wife was unfaithful to him. One day, being disturbed by those thoughts, he caused her death by pouring nitric acid over her. Medical evidence showed that he knew what he was doing and had the ordinary knowledge of right and wrong. He was convicted for murder.

POSITION IN OTHER COUNTRIES

The Criminal Codes of many countries provide for a broader scope for the defence of insanity. Tasmanian Criminal Code, s. 16 says that an accused may not be punished if he may not understand the nature of the act or that it was against law. They may also not be punished if they committed the act under an ‘irresistible impulse’. Penal Code of France, art. 64 provides that ‘there is no crime or offence when the accused was in state of madness at the time of the act or in the event of his having been compelled by a force which he was not able to resist’. Swiss Penal Code, s. 10 states that ‘any person suffering from a mental disease, idiocy or serious impairment of his mental faculties, who at the time of committing the act is

incapable of appreciating the unlawful nature of his act or acting in accordance with the appreciation may not be punished’. The American Law Institute suggested that ‘a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease or defect he lacks the substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to confirm his conduct to the requirement.

CONCLUSION

The Indian Law on insanity is based on the rules laid down in the Mc’Naghten case. However, the Mc’Naghten rules have become obsolete and are not proper and suitable in the modern era.

The Mc’Naghten rules is based on the entirely obsolete and misleading conception of nature of insanity, since insanity does not only affect the cognitive faculties but affects the whole personality of the person including both the will and the emotions. The present definition only looks at the cognitive and moral aspects of the defendant’s actions but ignores the irresistible impulse that may be forcing him to commit that act. An insane person may often know the nature and quality of his act and that law forbids it but yet commit it as a result of the mental disease. The Law Commission of India in its 42nd report after considering the desirability of introducing the test of diminished responsibility under IPC, s. 84 gave its opinion in the negative due to the complicated medico-legal issue it would introduce in trial. It is submitted that the Law Commission’s view needs modification since it is not in conformity with the latest scientific and technological advances made in this direction. There are three compartments of the mind – controlling cognition, emotion and will. IPC, s. 84 only exempts one whose cognitive faculties are affected.

The provision is regarded as too narrow, and makes no provision for a case where one’s emotion and the will are so affected as to render the control of the cognitive faculties ineffectual. The Courts must also adopt a broader view of the Insanity and introduce the concept of diminished responsibility.

The Indian Government may also look at the provisions of the other countries relating to insanity. Swiss Penal Code, s. 10 states that ‘any person suffering from a mental disease, idiocy or serious impairment of his mental faculties, who at the time of committing the act is incapable of appreciating the unlawful nature of his act or acting in accordance with the appreciation may not be punished’. This provision is much broader and is better suited for the defense of insanity.

The researcher submits that the defense of insanity is too narrow and must be amended to suit the present demands.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

· B.M. Gandhi, ‘Indian Penal Code’, 2nd ed., 2006.

· Christopher Slobogin, An End to Insanity: Recasting the Role of Mental Disability in Criminal Cases,86 Va. L. Rev. 1199, 1208 (2000).

· Michael Allen, ‘Textbook on Criminal law’, 7th ed. 2003

· Halsbury’s Laws of England, 4th ed., Vol. 11.

· Justice Y.V Chandrachud (ed.), Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, ‘Indian Penal Code’, 29th ed. Rep. 2004

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[1] 1970 AC 132.

[2] Rex V Arnold 16 How. St. Tr. 695 (1724).

[3] 10 Cl. & Fin. 200 (H.L. 1843).

[4] (1984) A.C. 156

[5] 1971 Cut LT 565.

[6] 1961 INDLAW SC, AIR 1961 SC 998

[7] AIR 1972 SC 216

[8] 1970 indlaw sc 2, air 1971 sc 778.

[9] 1964 INDLAW SC 409, AIR 1964 SC 1563.

[10] AIR 1949 Cal 182

[11] AIR 1953 All 534.

[12] AIR 1958 Punj 194.

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